![]() Ali, “African and Afro-Indian Rebel Leaders: Con Tanta Arrogancia,” ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America (Winter 2018) Ali, “Afro-Latin America: Black Agency and Nation-Building,” Review of Afro-Latin American Studies: An Introduction, ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America (Winter 2019) See the Afro-Latin American/Latinx Studies Project at UNC Greensboro. The former became the best-known maroon leader of Palenque de San Basilio (the oldest and longest lasting maroon settlement in South America) and the latter becomes glorified by the colonizers themselves as an exemplar of the Catholic Church (becoming the first person of African descent in Latin America to be made a saint). Benkos Biohó of Colombia (New Grenada) and San Martin de Porres of Peru are two figures that give expression to the African Diaspora in Latin America during the seventeenth century. While resistance to slavery took place at first point of contact in Africa, continuing throughout the Middle Passages and in the Iberian colonies themselves (in the form of armed rebellions and maroon settlements, among other strategies), many enslaved Africans and their descendants assimilated into the existing colonial systems and Native American communities. Over the next three centuries millions of Central Africans and West Africans were forcibly migrated to work the plantations, mines, and in the cities of Spanish and Portuguese settlers. During the sixteenth century Africans and their descendants outnumbered Europeans and their descendants in Lima, Mexico City, and Salvador da Bahia–the three principal cities of colonial Latin America. ![]()
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